Here is a list of the languages and areas covered by the Voting Rights Bilingual Election Materials; along with the differences between the 1990 areas and 2000 areas. Election material in these jurisdictions are to be in all languages specified:
Alaska: State Coverage ......................................... Alaskan Native language assistance
Aleutians East Borough [removed] …….…….. Eskimo [removed]
Aleutians West Census Area ..................... Aleut.
Bethel Census Area .................................. Eskimo, Athapascan?, Tanaina?
Bristol Bay Borough [removed] ………………. Eskimo [removed]
Denali Borough [added] and Valdez-Cordova Census Area .. Athapascan.
Dillingham Census Area .. Eskimo, American Indian (Other Tribe specified) [added], and Native (Other Group specified) [added]
Kenai Peninsula Borough ................. American Indian (Tribe not specified) [Eskimo] and Aleut [added]
Kodiak Island Borough ..................... Filipino [added], Alaskan Natives (Aleut, Eskimo) [both removed]
Lake and Peninsula Borough ..................... Athapascan, Aleut, and Eskimo.
Nome Census Area ................................... Eskimo.
North Slope Borough ................................. American Indian (Tribe not specified) [added] and Eskimo.
Northwest Arctic Borough .......................... Eskimo and Alaska Native (Other Group specified) [added]
Skagway-Yakutat-Angoon Census Area [removed] ... American Indian (Tlinglit) [removed]
Southeast Fairbanks Census Area ............. Athapascan and Native (Other Group specified) [added]
Wade Hampton Census Area . Eskimo, American Indian (Chickasaw [added] and Tribe not specified [added]).
Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area . Athapascan, Eskimo, and American Indian (Other Tribe specified [Kuchin]).
Arizona: State Coverage ........................................ Spanish.
Apache County ........................................ Apache, Navajo, Pueblo [Zuni]
Cochise [added], Greenlee, and Santa Cruz Counties ...... Spanish.
Coconino County ...................................... Navajo, Pueblo [Havasupai, Hopi]
Gila, and Graham Counties ....................... Apache
Maricopa County ...................................... Spanish, Tohono O’Odham [Pima], Yavapai [removed]
Navajo County .......................................... Apache, Navajo, Pueblo [Hopi]
Pima County ............................................ Spanish, Tohono O’Odham [Pima], and Yaqui
Pinal County ............................................ Apache, Tohono O’Odham [Pima]
Yuma County ........................................... Spanish, Yuman [was Delta River Yuma, Yuma]
California: State Coverage ......................................... Spanish.
Alameda County [Oakland] ……………....... Spanish and Chinese.
Colusa County ……………………………….. Spanish [added], American Indian (Wintun) [removed]
Fresno, Kern, Kings, Merced, Monterey, San Benito, San Bernardino, Tulare, Ventura Counties .. Spanish.
Contra Costa, Madera, Sacramento, San Joaquin, Santa Barbara, Stanislaus Counties [all added] .. Spanish [all added]
Inyo, Lake, and Yuba Counties [all removed] .. Spanish. [all removed]
Imperial County .. Spanish, American Indian (Central or South American) [added], and American Indian (Yuman) [added]
Los Angeles County ........................ Spanish, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese. Korean [added], Vietnamese.
Orange County ......................................... Spanish, Chinese [added], Korean [added], Vietnamese.
Riverside County ...................................... Spanish, American Indian (Central or South American) [added]
San Diego County [San Diego] .................. Spanish and Filipino [added]
San Francisco County .............................. Spanish [added] and Chinese.
San Mateo County [added] …………………... Spanish [added] and Chinese [added]
Santa Clara County [San Jose] .......... Spanish, Chinese [added], Filipino [added], and Vietnamese [added]
Colorado: Alamosa, Archuleta [removed], Bent [removed], Conejos, Costilla, Crowley [added], Denver [added], Las Animas [added], Otero, Rio Grande, and Saguache Counties ....... Spanish.
La Plata and Montezuma Counties.................................. Navajo [added] and Ute
Connecticut: Bridgeport town (Fairfield Cy), Hartford & New Britain towns (Hartford County), Windham town (Windham Cy.) ... Spanish.
Meriden town, New Haven town, Waterbury town (all in New Haven County) [all added] .... Spanish [all added]
Florida: Broward County ....................................... Spanish, Seminole [Mikasuki], Muskogee [removed]
Collier County .......................................... American Indian (Seminole [Mikasuki]), Spanish [removed]
Glades County ......................................... American Indian (Seminole). Muskogee [removed]
Hardee, Hendry [was American Indian (Mikasuki, Muskogee)], Hillsborough, Miami-Dade [also had American Indian (Mikasuki)], Monroe [removed], Orange, Osceola [added], and Palm Beach [added] Counties ..... Spanish.
Hawaii: Honolulu County ....................................... Chinese [added], Filipino, and Japanese.
Kauai [removed] and Maui Counties ............. Filipino.
Idaho: Bannock, Bingham, Caribou [added], Owyhee, and Power Counties . American Indian (Other Tribe specified) [Shoshoni]
Illinois: Cook County ............................................ Spanish and Chinese [added]
Kane County [added] ................................. Spanish. [added]
Iowa: Tama County [removed] ……………….......... American Indian (Fox) [removed]
Kansas: Finney, Ford, Grant, Haskell, Kearny, and Seward Counties [all added] .... Spanish. [all added]
Louisiana: Allen Parish [added] ................................. American Indian (Other Tribe specified) [added]
Avoyelles Parish [removed] …………………... American Indian (French) [removed]
Maryland: Montgomery County [added] ...................... Spanish. [added]
Massachusetts: Boston city (Suffolk County), Chelsea city (Suffolk County), Holyoke city (Hampden County), Lawrence city (Essex County), Southbridge town (Worcester County) [added], Springfield city (Hampden County) .... Spanish.
Michigan: Buena Vista Township (Saginaw County) [removed], Clyde township (Allegan County), Colfax Township (Oceana County) [removed], and Zilwaukee Township (Saginaw County) [removed] ........ Spanish.
Mississippi: Jackson, Kemper, Leake, Neshoba, Newton, and Winston Counties ...... Choctaw
Attala, Jones, and Scott Counties [all added] .... Choctaw [all added]
Montana: Big Horn and Rosebud Counties [both added] … Cheyenne [added]
Nebraska: Colfax County [added].................................... Spanish [added]
Sheridan County [added] ............................... Sioux [added]
Nevada: Clark County [added] .................................... Spanish. [added]
Elko County ............................................... American Indian (Other Tribe specified [added] and Shoshone).
Humboldt County ........................................ American Indian (Other Tribe specified [Paiute]).
Lyon County [added] …................................. Paiute [added]
Nye [added] and White Pine [added] Counties .. Shoshone [added]
New Jersey: Bergen [added], Cumberland [added], Essex, Hudson, Middlesex, Passaic, and Union Counties ... Spanish.
New Mexico: State Coverage ...................................... Spanish.
Bernalillo County …………………………….... Spanish, Navajo, Pueblo [Keres, Tiwa]
Catron County [added] .................................. Pueblo [added]
Chaves, Colfax [removed], De Baca [added], Dona Ana, Eddy, Grant, Guadalupe, Harding, Hidalgo, Lea, Luna, Mora, Quay [removed], Roosevelt, San Miguel, Torrance, and Union Counties .... Spanish.
Cibola County ………………………………….. Navajo, Pueblo [Keres, Zuni]
McKinley County ………………………………. Navajo , Pueblo [Zuni]
Rio Arriba County ....................................... Spanish, Navajo, Jicarilla [removed]
San Juan County ........................................ Navajo, Ute [added]
Sandoval County ………………………………. Navajo, Pueblo [Keres, Towa], Jicarilla [removed]
Santa Fe County ………………………………. Spanish, Pueblo [added]
Socorro County ………………………….......... Spanish, Navajo, Pueblo [added]
Taos County ……………………………………. Spanish, Pueblo [Tiwa]
Valencia County ……………………………….. Spanish, Pueblo [Keres, Tiwa]
New York: Bronx, Nassau [added], Suffolk, and Westchester Counties ...... Spanish.
Franklin County [removed] ……………………… American Indian (Mohawk) [removed]
Kings and New York Counties....................... Spanish and Chinese.
Queens County ........................................... Spanish, Chinese, and Korean [added]
North Carolina: Jackson County [removed] ………………. Cherokee? [removed]
North Dakota: Richland and Sargent Counties ............. Sioux
Benson, Eddy, and Ramsey Counties [all removed] … Dakota [removed]
Oklahoma: Harmon and Texas Counties [both added] ...... Spanish [added]
Adair County [removed] ………………………… Cherokee [removed]
Oregon: Malheur County .......................................... American Indian (Other Tribe specified [Paiute]).
Pennsylvania: Philadelphia County ............................ Spanish.
Rhode Island: Central Falls city (Providence County) and Providence city (Providence County) [added] .. Spanish.
South Dakota: Dewey, Gregory, Lyman, Mellette, Shannon, Todd, Tripp, and Ziebach Counties .. Sioux [Dakota]
Bennett, Codington, Day, Grant, Haakon, Jackson, Marshall, Roberts, Stanley Counties [all added] .. Sioux [all added]
Meade County [added]..................................... Sioux [added], Cheyenne [added].
Texas: State Coverage ………................................. Spanish.
Andrews, Atascosa, Bailey, Bee, Bexar, Brewster, Brooks, Caldwell, Calhoun, Cameron, Castro, Cochran, Concho, Crockett, Crosby, Culberson, Dallas, Dawson, Deaf Smith, DeWitt, Dickens, Dimmit, Duval, Ector, Edwards, Floyd, Frio, Gaines, Garza, Glasscock, Goliad, Gonzales, Guadalupe, Hale, Hidalgo, Hockley, Howard, Hudspeth, Irion, Jeff Davis, Jim Hogg, Jim Wells, Karnes, Kenedy, Kinney, Kleberg, Lamb, La Salle, Live Oak, Lubbock, Lynn, Martin, McMullen, Medina, Menard, Midland, Mitchell, Moore, Nolan, Nueces, Parmer, Pecos, Presidio, Reagan, Reeves, Refugio, Runnels, San Patricio, Schleicher, Scurry, Starr, Sutton, Swisher, Tarrant, Terrell, Terry, Tom Green, Travis, Upton, Uvalde, Val Verde, Victoria, Ward, Webb, Wharton, Willacy, Wilson, Winkler, Yoakum, Zapata, and Zavala Counties .. Spanish.
Borden, Crane, Fisher, Hall, Hansford, Knox, Loving, Madison, Matagorda, Sterling, Titus Counties [all added] .. Spanish [all added]
Comal, Kent, and McCulloch Counties [all removed] ... Spanish [all removed]
El Paso County .......................................... Spanish, Pueblo [added]
Harris County [Houston] .............................. Spanish, Vietnamese [added]
Maverick County [Eagle Pass] ..................... Spanish, American Indian (Other Tribe specified) [added]
Polk County [removed] ….............................. American Indian (Alabama) [removed]
Utah: San Juan County ........................................ Navajo, Ute.
Washington: Adams, Franklin, and Yakima County [all added] ... Spanish [added]
King County [added] …….............................. Chinese [added]
Wisconsin: Clark County [removed] ..........………............ Spanish [removed]
The Number of Covered Jurisdictions Demographic changes have led to 27 political subdivisions losing their coverage under Section 203 and the addition of 73 new political subdivisions. A total of 295 political subdivisions nationwide now are covered.
The Number of Covered Languages
The number of States and political subdivisions that have to provide assistance in various languages breaks down as follows:
· Spanish language assistance must be provided Statewide in AZ, CA, NM, TX, and a total of 224 political subdivisions in 20 States
· Alaskan Native language assistance must be provided Statewide in Alaska and 13 political subdivisions of Alaska;
· American Indian language assistance must be provided in a total of 75 political subdivisions in 18 States;
· Chinese language assistance must be provided in a total of 6 counties in CA, Honolulu County, HI, Cook County, IL, 3 counties in NY, and Kings County, WA;
· Filipino language assistance must be provided in the Kodiak Island Borough of Alaska, three counties in California, and two counties in Hawaii;
· Vietnamese language assistance must be provided in three counties in California and in Harris County, Texas;
· Korean language assistance must be provided in two counties in California and in Queens County, New York;
· Japanese must be provided in Los Angeles County, California and Honolulu County, Hawaii.
Table 2. Jurisdictions Covered for Alaskan Native/American Indian Languages
Language Political Subdivisions Covered Affected States
Sioux 21 NE, ND, SD The Sioux American Indian group includes the Dakota, Lakota, and Nakota languages.
DHG] 15,355 speakers in USA including 31 monolinguals (1990 census). Population total both countries 20,355. Northern Nebraska, southern Minnesota, North and South Dakota, northeastern Montana. Also spoken in Canada. Alternate names: SIOUX. Dialects: DAKOTA (DAKHOTA, SANTEE, SANTEE-SISSETON), NAKOTA (NAKODA, YANKTON, YANKTON-YANKTONAIS). Classification: Siouan, Siouan Proper, Central, Mississippi Valley, Dakota. Some children are being raised speaking the language in the northern Plains (1998). Many younger ones prefer English or do not speak the language. Bible 1879
LAKOTA [LKT] 6,000 speakers out of 20,000 population (1987 SIL). 103,255 ethnic Sioux in USA (1990 Census Bureau). Population total both countries 6,000. Northern Nebraska, southern Minnesota, North and South Dakota, northeastern Montana. Also spoken in Canada Alternate names: LAKHOTA, TETON. Classification: Siouan, Siouan Proper, Central, Mississippi Valley, Dakota. Children are being raised speaking the language in the northern Plains (1998). Vigorous in some Lakota communities. Grammar
American Indian/Alaskan Native —other languages 15 AK, ID, LA, NC, NV, OR, TX
Navajo 13 AZ, CO, NM, UT [NAV] 148,530 speakers including 7,616 monolinguals (1990 census) out of 219,198 ethnic Navaho (1990 USA Census Bureau). Northeastern Arizona, northwestern New Mexico, southeastern Utah, and a few in Colorado. Alternate names: DINÉ, NAVAHO. Classification: Na-Dene, Nuclear Na-Dene, Athapaskan-Eyak, Athapaskan, Apachean, Navajo-Apache, Western Apache-Navajo. Vigorous. But mother tongue speakers among first graders are 30% versus 90% in 1968 (1998 N.Y. Times, April 9, p. A20). The people prefer the name 'Dine.' Bible 1985
Pueblo 13 AZ, NM, TX the Pueblo group includes the Havasupai, Hopi, Keres, Tiwa, and Towa languages.
HAVASUPAI-WALAPAI-YAVAPAI [YUF] 1,007 speakers, including 404 Havasupai speakers (including 4 monolinguals), 440 Walapai speakers, 163 Yavapai speakers (1990 census), out of 1,500 population (1977 SIL). Central and northwestern Arizona. The Walapai are on top of the south rim of the Grand Canyon, the Havasupai at the bottom. Alternate names: UPPER COLORADO RIVER YUMAN, UPLAND YUMAN. Dialects: WALAPAI (HUALPAI), HAVASUPAI, YAVAPAI. Classification: Hokan, Esselen-Yuman, Yuman, Upland Yuman. 78% to 98% intelligibility among the dialects. 91% to 95% lexical similarity among the dialects. All ages: Havasupai. Most or all Yavapai speakers are middle-aged or older. Many younger Walapai prefer English and some do not speak Walapai. Children being raised speaking Havasupai and Walapai (1998). Vigorous: Havasupai. Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Bible portions 1980.
HOPI [HOP] 5,264 speakers who speak Hopi at home (1990 census), out of a 6,500 population (1977 SIL). Several villages in northeast Arizona, with small numbers in Utah and New Mexico. Classification: Uto-Aztecan, Northern Uto-Aztecan, Hopi. All ages, including 40 monolinguals (1990). 5,264 were over 5 years old, 989 of those were 5 to 17 years old, 3,390 were 18 to 54, 388 were 55 to 64, 578 were 65 and older (1990). Children being raised speaking the language (1998). Language use is vigorous except for some younger ones who prefer English. Dictionary. NT 1972.
KERES, EASTERN [KEE] 4,580 speakers out of 5,701 population (80%), 463 Zia speakers out of 602 population, 229 Santa Ana speakers out of 374 population, 1,560 San Felipe speakers out of 1,789 population, 1,888 Santo Domingo speakers out of 2,140 population, 384 Cochiti speakers out of 796 population. North central New Mexico. Alternate names: EASTERN KERES PUEBLO. Dialects: ZIA, SANTA ANA, SAN FELIPE, SANTO DOMINGO, COCHITI. Classification: Keres.
Bilingualism in English. Language use is vigorous in some pueblos; in others some younger people prefer English. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Bible portions 1933-1936
KERES, WESTERN [KJQ] 3,391 speakers out of 5,880 population (57.7%) including 1,695 Laguna speakers out of 3,526 population, 1,696 Acoma out of 2,354 (1980 census). New Mexico, north central. Alternate names: WESTERN KERES PUEBLO. Dialects: ACOMA (LAGUNA). Classification: Keres.
In Acoma most adults speak the language but some younger people prefer English and many children do not speak the language. In Laguna most or all speakers are middle-aged or over. Percentage under 18 years old who are speakers: 47.7%, including Laguna 32.3%, Acoma 67.9%; above 18: 75.1%. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible portions 1966-1997.
TIWA, NORTHERN [TAO] 927 speakers out of 1,166 population, 79.5% (1980 census). 803 Taos speakers out of 1,042 population, 101 Picuris speakers (1990 census) out of 124 population (1980 census), 67.3% of the Taos under 18 are speakers, 92.9% over 18 are speakers (1980 census). North central New Mexico. Dialects: TAOS, PICURIS. Classification: Kiowa Tanoan, Tewa-Tiwa, Tiwa.
At Picuris speakers tend to be older. Vigorous at Taos. Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible portions 1976-1992.
TIWA, SOUTHERN [TIX] 1,631 speakers out of 2,469 population, 70.1% (1980 census). 1,588 Isleta speakers out of 2,249 population (1980 census), 43 Sandia speakers (1990 census) out of 220 population, 65.6% under 18 are speakers, 67% of Isleta, 46.7% of Sandia (1980 census). New Mexico, pueblos of Isleta and Sandia, north and south of Albuquerque. Dialects: SANDIA, ISLETA (ISLETA PUEBLO). Classification: Kiowa Tanoan, Tewa-Tiwa, Tiwa.
Bilingualism in English. At Sandia most or all speakers are middle-aged or older. Vigorous at Isleta among adults. Many children prefer English. Bible portions 1981-1987
JEMEZ [TOW] 1,301 speakers (1990 census), out of 1,488 population (1980 census). North central New Mexico. Alternate names: TOWA. Classification: Kiowa Tanoan, Kiowa-Towa, Towa.
6 monolinguals (1990). 95% of the population under 18 years old were speakers (1980). Vigorous. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Traditional religion, Christian
Choctaw 9 MS [CCT] 17,890 speakers including 11,140 in Oklahoma (1998), 6,750 fluent speakers in Mississippi (1997). Ethnic group: 120,400 including 111,400 in Oklahoma (1998 Choctaw Language Department, Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma), 9,000 in Mississippi (1997 Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians). Principally in southeastern Oklahoma (McCurtain County) and east central Mississippi. Some in Louisiana and Tennessee. Classification: Muskogean, Western. Recent reports indicate that Choctaw speakers find Chickasaw to be unintelligible. 24 years old and older in Oklahoma. Children are being raised speaking Choctaw in Mississippi. Vigorous in Mississippi, but some children prefer English. The Houma are 12,000 racially mixed descendents of a Choctaw subgroup in southern Louisiana who speak a dialect of Cajun French, and no longer speak Choctaw. More Choctaw are registering with the BIA now than previously (R.S. Williams). Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. NT 1848.
Eskimo 8 AK
INUPIATUN, NORTH ALASKAN [ESI] Population total both countries 3,500 speakers out of an ethnic population of 8,000 (1990 L.D. Kaplan). Norton Sound and Point Hope, Alaska into Canada. Also spoken in Canada Alternate names: NORTH ALASKAN INUPIAT, INUPIAT, 'ESKIMO'. Dialects: NORTH SLOPE INUPIATUN (POINT BARROW INUPIATUN), WEST ARCTIC INUPIATUN, POINT HOPE INUPIATUN, ANAKTUVIK PASS INUPIATUN. Classification: Eskimo-Aleut, Eskimo, Inuit. Most speakers are over 30. Younger speakers often prefer English. Dictionary. Grammar. NT 1968
INUPIATUN, NORTHWEST ALASKA [ESK] 4,000 speakers out of 8,000 population (1978 SIL). Alaska, Kobuk River, Noatak River, Seward Peninsula, and Bering Strait. Alternate names: NORTHWEST ALASKA INUPIAT, INUPIATUN, 'ESKIMO'. Dialects: NORTHERN MALIMIUT INUPIATUN, SOUTHERN MALIMIUT INUPIATUN, KOBUK RIVER INUPIATUN, COASTAL INUPIATUN, KOTZEBUE SOUND INUPIATUN, SEWARD PENINSULA INUPIATUN, KING ISLAND INUPIATUN (BERING STRAIT INUPIATUN). Classification: Eskimo-Aleut, Eskimo, Inuit.
Most speakers of Seward Peninsula are over 40 (1990). Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. NT 1997.
Athapascan 5 AK
Apache 5 AZ [APW] 12,693 speakers (1990 census), including 303 San Carlos. East central Arizona, several reservations. Alternate names: COYOTERO. Dialects: WHITE MOUNTAIN, SAN CARLOS, CIBECUE, TONTO. Classification: Na-Dene, Nuclear Na-Dene, Athapaskan-Eyak, Athapaskan, Apachean, Navajo-Apache, Western Apache-Navajo. Children being raised speaking the language (1998). Vigorous. Dictionary. NT 1966
American Indian — unspecified 5 AK
Ute 4 CO, NM, UT [UTE] 1,984 speakers including 20 monolinguals (1990 census), out of 5,000 population (1977 SIL), including 3 Chemehuevi (1990 census). Ute in southwestern Colorado and southeastern and northeastern Utah; Southern Paiute in southwestern Utah, northern Arizona, and southern Nevada; Chemehuevi on lower Colorado River, California. Dialects: SOUTHERN PAIUTE, UTE, CHEMEHUEVI. Classification: Uto-Aztecan, Northern Uto-Aztecan, Numic, Southern. Most adults speak the language but most younger ones do not. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%.
Aleut 3 AK [ALW] 300 speakers in USA out of 2,000 in the ethnic group (1995 M. Krauss). Population total both countries 305. Western Aleut on Atka Island (Aleutian Chain) and Commander Islands (Russia); Eastern Aleut on eastern Aleutian Islands, Pribilofs, and Alaskan Peninsula. Also spoken in Russia (Asia). Dialects: WESTERN ALEUT (ATKAN, ATKA, ATTUAN, UNANGANY, UNANGAN), EASTERN ALEUT (UNALASKAN, PRIBILOF ALEUT). Classification: Eskimo-Aleut, Aleut. All but 4 speakers can speak English well. Many school texts have been produced. Copper Island Aleut is a mixed Aleut-Russian language, or pidgin, spoken on Mednyj Island. Dictionary. Grammar. Finite verb morphology, kinship terms, acculturational words and some adverbs come from Russian; nonfinite verb morphology, and most of the lexicon and structure come from Aleut. Bible portions 1840-1903.
Seminole 3 FL [MIK] 496 speakers including 33 monolinguals (1990 census), out of 1,200 population (1977 SIL). Southern Florida. Alternate names: HITCHITI, MIKASUKI SEMINOLE, MICCOSUKEE. Dialects: HITCHITI, MIKASUKI. Classification: Muskogean, Eastern. Not intelligible with Creek, Alabama, or Koasati. There are monolinguals only among elderly women. Others use English as second language. Language use is vigorous except at Hollywood, where most younger ones do not speak Mikasuki. Bible portions 1980-1985.
Shoshone 3 NV [SHH] 2,284 speakers (1990 census), out of 7,000 population (1977 SIL). Wind River Shoshoni is the largest contingent of speakers (Jon Dayley). The Western Shoshoni are in central to northeastern Nevada, and Fort Hall Reservation in Idaho, Northern Shoshoni in Wyoming, Goshute in western Utah. Alternate names: SHOSHONE. Dialects: GOSIUTE (GOSHUTE), WESTERN SHOSHONI, NORTHERN SHOSHONI. Classification: Uto-Aztecan, Northern Uto-Aztecan, Numic, Central. Wind River Shoshoni is a subdialect of Northern Shoshoni, spoken at Wind River Reservation. Closely related to Comanche and Panamint, which are not inherently intelligible with Shoshoni. Bilingualism in English. In some locations only the older ones speak the language. Vigorous in some locations. Bible portions 1986.
Tohono O’Odham 3 AZ [PAP] 11,819 speakers including 181 monolinguals (1990 census), out of 20,000 population (1977 SIL). Population total both countries 11,819. South central Arizona. 60 villages on 7 reservations. Also spoken in Mexico. Alternate names: PAPAGO-PIMA, O'ODHAM, O'OTHHAM, NEVOME, NEBOME, UPPER PIMAN. Dialects: TOHONO O'ODAM ('PAPAGO'), AKIMEL O'ODHAM (PIMA). Classification: Uto-Aztecan, Southern Uto-Aztecan, Sonoran, Tepiman. In the north and east some younger ones do not speak it or they prefer English. Most speakers are older than 25. Language use is vigorous in the west and south. Different from Pima Bajo of Mexico. Grammar. From elementary school on, schools on the Tohono O'Odham Nation teach the language. NT 1975.
Central/South American Indian 2 CA
Cheyenne 2 MT [CHY] 1,721 speakers (1990 census), out of 5,000 population (1987 SIL). Northern Cheyenne Reservation, southeastern Montana; associated with Arapaho in western Oklahoma. Classification: Algic, Algonquian, Plains. In Montana most adults (parents and the elderly, 1998) speak the language but many younger ones prefer English. In Oklahoma most speakers are middle-aged or older. Northern Cheyenne in Montana have a summer camp for children, where 5 fluent speakers teach the language (1998). Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 100%. NT 1934.
Yuman 2 AZ, CA
COCOPA [COC] 321 speakers including 6 monolinguals in the USA (1990 census). Lower Colorado River south of Yuma, Arizona. The majority live in Baja California, Mexico. Alternate names: KIKIMA, CUCAPÁ, COCOPAH, KWIKAPA, DELTA RIVER YUMAN. Classification: Hokan, Esselen-Yuman, Yuman, Delta-Californian.
Population 200 in Mexico (1998 Peter Larson). Population total both countries 520.
Region Baja California, El Mayor, San Poza de Aroizú (to the south of Río San Luis Colorado). Also spoken in USA.
Alternate names COCOPÁ, COCOPAH, CUCUPÁ, CUCAPÁ, KWIKAPÁ, KIKIMÁ
Classification Hokan, Esselen-Yuman, Yuman, Delta-Californian.
Comments Hunter-gatherers, agriculturalists: maize. Bible portions 1972.
HAVASUPAI-WALAPAI-YAVAPAI [YUF] 1,007 speakers, including 404 Havasupai speakers (including 4 monolinguals), 440 Walapai speakers, 163 Yavapai speakers (1990 census), out of 1,500 population (1977 SIL). Central and northwestern Arizona. The Walapai are on top of the south rim of the Grand Canyon, the Havasupai at the bottom. Alternate names: UPPER COLORADO RIVER YUMAN, UPLAND YUMAN. Dialects: WALAPAI (HUALPAI), HAVASUPAI, YAVAPAI. Classification: Hokan, Esselen-Yuman, Yuman, Upland Yuman.
78% to 98% intelligibility among the dialects. 91% to 95% lexical similarity among the dialects. All ages: Havasupai. Most or all Yavapai speakers are middle-aged or older. Many younger Walapai prefer English and some do not speak Walapai. Children being raised speaking Havasupai and Walapai (1998). Vigorous: Havasupai. Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Bible portions 1980.
QUECHAN [YUM] 343 speakers (1990 census), out of 1,500 population (1977 SIL). Fort Yuma Reservation, southeastern corner of California. Alternate names: KECHAN, YUMA, QUECL. Classification: Hokan, Esselen-Yuman, Yuman, River Yuman.
Closely related to Maricopa and Mohave. Bilingualism in English. Most speakers are elderly (1998).
Chickasaw 1 AK [CIC] 1,000 or fewer speakers (1987 Munro and Willmond) out of an ethnic group of 35,000 to 37,000 (1999 Chickasaw nation). Principally in south central Oklahoma, from Byng or Happyland (near Ada) in the north, and from Davis or Ardmore in the west to Fillmore and Wapanucka in the east. Some in Los Angeles, California. Classification: Muskogean, Western. Recent reports indicate that Choctaw speakers find Chickasaw to be unintelligible. Most speakers over 40 years old (1987 Munro and Willmond). Dictionary.
Paiute 1 NV [PAO] 1,631 speakers out of 6,000 population (1999 SIL). Northern Nevada and adjacent areas of Oregon, California, and Idaho. Spoken on about twenty reservations spread out over 1,000 miles. Alternate names: PAVIOTSO. Dialects: BANNOCK, NORTH NORTHERN PAIUTE (MCDERMITT), SOUTH NORTHERN PAIUTE (YERINGTON-SCHURZ). Classification: Uto-Aztecan, Northern Uto-Aztecan, Numic, Western. Related to Mono. Almost every reservation has its own dialect. All dialects are inherently intelligible. Yerington-Schurz (one of the southern ones) is the dialect of cultural innovation. Most adults speak the language but some younger ones do not. Vigorous in McDermitt. NT 1985.
Yaqui 1 AZ [YAQ] 406 in USA including 2 monolinguals (1990 census). Tucson and Phoenix, Arizona area. Classification: Uto-Aztecan, Southern Uto-Aztecan, Sonoran, Cahita. 16,000 in Mexico (1993 SIL). Population total both countries 16,400. Region Sonora. Also spoken in USA. Partially intelligible with Mayo. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish are 0 0%, 1 0%, 2 1%, 3 55%, 4 35%, 5 4%. English also used. Grammar. SOV, tonal, long words, affixes, clitics. Literacy rate in first language: 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 10%. Desert, gallery forest. Coastal, riverine. Pastoralists, hunters, fishermen, agriculture. 0 to 100 meters. NT 1977.
Zuni 1 NM [ZUN] 6,413 speakers includes 31 monolinguals (1980 census). New Mexico, south of Gallup. Classification: Language Isolate. Speakers were 85.5% of the population below 18 years of age, 6.2% above 18 (1980). Children are being raised speaking the language (1998). Vigorous. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Bible portions 1941-1970.